A 2026 review of cutaneous lupus therapeutics, now organised almost entirely around the type I interferon axis — from TLR7/8 and pDCs through IFNAR to TYK2 — alongside the practical foundation of photoprotection, early hydroxychloroquine and smoking cessation. No therapy is yet FDA-approved specifically for CLE, and almost all evidence is borrowed from SLE trials where skin was a secondary endpoint.
RepurpSS-II is a phase 2b, placebo-controlled RCT of leflunomide plus hydroxychloroquine in active systemic Sjögren’s disease, given without any background immunomodulatory therapy. The combination met its primary endpoint — a clinically meaningful ESSDAI improvement (−4.14) at 24 weeks, replicating RepurpSS-I — but dryness and patient-reported symptoms (ESSPRI) did not separate from placebo.
A 2026 review of pathogenesis-directed SLE therapeutics anchored to the 2025 ACR SLE and 2024 ACR lupus nephritis guidelines — the FDA-approved and off-label drugs by mechanism, indication and monitoring, plus the metabolic/mitochondrial, IL-1, cardiometabolic and non-pharmacological strategies, mapped by organ manifestation.
A 2026 narrative review of fertility, pregnancy and lactation in SLE — the bidirectional disease–pregnancy relationship, the immunobiology of placental injury, and contemporary peri-conception, pregnancy and lactation care anchored to BSR, EULAR and ACR guidance, including a drug-by-drug safety framework.